Computer Crime - The Fastest Growing Type Of Criminal Activity - 7700 Words

Computer Crime - The Fastest Growing Type Of Criminal Activity (Essay Sample) Content: Computer Crimes and Security Name: Institution: Computer crime has been commonly known by several names such as e-crime, cybercrime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime. Cybercrimes are criminal activities involving information technology infrastructure, illegal interception, unauthorized access system or computer interference, any data interference, forgery, embezzlement, blackmail, abuse of devices and some electronic fraud. Whenever any confidential data or information is lost or hijacked either lawfully or otherwise, there emerge privacy issues. In some cases, hackers may be malicious and destroy or corrupt the data or the computer files. Cybercrime in the world today has been the fastest growing type of criminal activity as result of internet growth and digital forms of media. Some of these include hacking, auction fraud, identity theft as well as spreading of malicious software and viruses. Criminals are now mostly concentrating on corporates soft underbelly, that is, the stored data. The risk of having sensitive information exposed or lost now is greater than ever. Cybercrimes have of late become an issue with the increase and easy access to the internet. Most of the computer activity has been shown to occur in the workplace. The Federal Bureau of Investigation survey has revealed that most of the organizations have reported some security breaches in their computer networks. Among these serious cases, there was theft of confidential information that cost the companies millions of dollars. Almost every company have had their computers affected by viruses with potential loss or loss of valuable data. Some other forms of unwanted computer activity include computer privileges abuse by the employees by downloading some pirated software or pornography. Cybercriminals use different techniques to attack various organizations. Through the DDoS technique, the hackers attack the legitimate users’ resources and make it unavailable to them. These hackers create malware and botnets in the networks. Over 300 businesses according to a survey by Neustar were targeted by DDoS attacks. Phishing is a technique that involves acquiring important information such as account number, pin code, credit card details, unique ID password by deceiving as a trustworthy entity. The total number of phishing attack has been shown to rise by the RSA Anti-Fraud Command Centre. Social engineering is a technique used in getting vital information of identity and authentication through social interaction with the intended individual. Socio-psychological tricks are used by an outside hacker on an organization’s important employee to gain access to their system. The required information in this technique is obtained directly through manipulation of an em ployee and not breaking into the system. Another technique is by use of malware. This installed malware has dramatical abilities whereby in the background it can make communications to its originator without the system administrator having any knowledge of what is happening. This method serves as the most powerful one to cause harm to the organizations. Other techniques include inside attacks where the employees in an organization share sensitive information to the outsiders. They disseminate confidential information to the attackers. Social sites are used by some other competitive companies to reduce the reputation of others. Business productivity in economic terms is the ratio between the production factors value and the produced products value. In simple terms, it is a measure of how entrepreneurship, land, labor and capital change into goods and services. The productivity of a business is one of the measures of the growth and the profitability of the business. Computer crimes affect the productivity of business in numerous ways. For example, cybercrimes affect business aspects that promote productivity and therefore leads to change which mostly is negative. Cybercrimes affect the business productivity negatively as it causes financial damage, legal proceedings, brand and company name damage, output reduction as well as loss of intellectual property. Computer crime occurs both for non-monetary and monetary reasons. The key reasons however by far is the monetary one. Financial damage in the light of this accounts for the biggest damage that results from the computer criminals on business organizations in the world. From the recent study that has been conducted by some institution that seriously takes computer crime attack, the average cost per data accessed or stolen by the computer criminals for the last ten years has been increasing at an alarming rate. On average, the cost of the breached data over these years globally have been over six billion dollars. Financial damage concerning business productivity brings an impact at the company’s foundation. As far as the share prices and share capital are concerned, it affects the company’s equity structure. Many firms particularly where the computer crimes have been mostly reported has been shown to record very high after-tax charges to compensate what was lost due to com puter crimes without their knowledge. A retail company by the name Marshalls and TJ Maxx in the United States after-tax cash charge recorded was about 118 million dollars which resulted from the year 2017 when the company was cyber attacked. The financial damage effect towards the productivity of the business thus comes in two ways. One is through the direct impact emanating from the money that is lost. Most of the money that is stolen is supposed to facilitate the business operations to maximize the profits. The absence of this money means that the business operations are affected as these operations are not possible. Productivity suffers a negative effect as growth derails. Another thing is that business organization suffering the financial damage must find a solution to safeguard as well as control themselves against cyber-attacks in future. These control measures mean that some money that was set for growth and development of the business now carries out non-income generating activities and also means that the produc tivity of the business is derailed. A company stands at a point to face certain legal consequences once it experiences a computer crime exposure. This is because computer crime is all about data breach which currently has seen several law lawsuits that have emanated from agitated customers and clients who have been heavily affected by the breach of data. Companies and associations should understand certain rules and regulations and adhere to them strictly in case they lose their employees, esteemed customers as well as other crucial company stakeholders personal data. These legal regulations are monitored by the respective legal bodies. These rules include accost expenses that are incurred by a business entity. Mostly, these cost services installations such as monitoring systems for the customers online account as well as victimized customers financial compensation. Some firms in addition to these universal rules include the by-laws that ask for the executives responsible for the breached data to resign. There occurs a loss of suitable experience in business operations when these experienced executives are lost. Some expenses are also incurred when these executives are lost. Productivity is affected by these legal requirements in that instead of using the money to expand important factors of production; it carries out activities that are non-productive. McAfee which is a security firm has estimated that cyber espionage and cyber crime are costing the economy of the United States around $100 billion in every year, and the global impact is almost 300 billion dollars per year. McAfee reveals some of the computer network intrusions of seventy-two private and public-sector organizations. The study has revealed that in the United States, the defense contractors and the government departments are the majority victimsCITATION McA13 \l 1033 (McAfee, 2013). Mostly, the computer network intrusions have been believed to result in the loss of the trade secrets and important intellectual property. The quality and quantity of data stolen by the hackers is significant and shows the adaptability, persistence, and patience of the attackers. Espionage has had a long history and is almost practised everywhere. However, for many countries, China serves as a target of interest CITATION Dav111 \l 1033 (Clemente, 2011). Another major side impact of computer crimes activity is a loss of about five hundred and eight jobs in the United States alone. This loss is primarily caused by intellectual property theft which is seen to wipe up the United States companies technological gap against the competitors from Asia. Day by day, the computer criminals are trying to improve their non-traceable ways and trying to make their malicious structures more resistant taking down operations by law enforcementCITATION Sal03 \l 1033 (Salomon, 2003). They are refining their infrastructures for instance by hiding command, adopting peer to peer protocols as well as controlling infrastructures in anonymizing environments like Tor Network. Cybercrime according to the Department of Justice and FBI is on the rise among businesses in America and has been shown to cost them dearly. Every business operating online in one way or another have to deal with computer crime. In 2005, the National Computer Security survey indicated that about 67 percent of businesses that were surveyed had revealed at least one cybercrime form. Fighting computer crimes is expensive, and as new methods and threats emerge, these techniques f fighting cyber crimes must always evolve. There are various ways to which cyber crimes affect companies and their customers. One is that there is the cost of protection where every company that wants to protect itself from online hackers have to use a lot of money to make it possib...

Film Review Halloween - 2343 Words

Slasher films have been produced and released since the 1970s, with the most famous slasher film being ‘Halloween’ (1974), which is recorded as the ‘highest-grossing independent film of all time.’ [1] John Carpenter provided the original template to slasher films that have been re-used again and again in its most popular period in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Slasher films involve a killer who hunts down a bunch of teenagers and kills them graphically. Victims are usually young adults or teenagers who are isolated and can’t call for help. Most of the films begin with the murder of a female and end in one female survivor who outwits the killer. Women in slasher films are exposed to acts of extreme violence, sexualised by men and believed to be in need of saving. Mark Jancovich stated that â€Å"it may be useful to make a distinction between the beauty and the beast in the horror film† suggesting that women should be beautiful whilst the beast is gruesome and frightening. [2] Other films such as ‘Friday the 13th’ (1980) ‘The Cabin in the Woods’ (2012) and ‘Scream’ (1997). By comparing a mixture of old and more recent slasher films that involve similar storylines helps build an understanding on why only females seem to prevail and men fall at the last hurdle. Using a variety of theories that explore the representation of women and being able to contradict ideas. An essential element in slasher films is the ‘final-girl’ – this refers to the â€Å"last woman alive to confront theShow MoreRelatedJohn Carpenter’s Halloween 1038 Words   |  4 PagesCarpenter’s Halloween was released in the fall of 1978; little did he know, his independent film would change the face of slasher films as we know it. This film was responsible for ushering in what we recognize today as modern horror. With a budget of just over $300,000, Halloween was shot in 20 days. It went on to become the highest grossing independent film of all time bringing in over $60 million until 1990; however, this film was not an instant success (Halloween UnMasked, 1999). Halloween also brandishedRead More Slasher Movies: Female Victims or Survivors? Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesmany movie fans and critics believe when the topic of slasher films arise. Slasher films normally include a psychotic killer (either real or supernatural), a number of victim s (often female), and usually the only person alive at the end of the movie is a female. Yet, one has to question these stereotypes. Are slasher films really that degrading towards women? Feminist critics tend to focus on females being mutilated in these films, despite the fact that just as many men die in most horror moviesRead MoreWomen Love Gore Too1693 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said people love watching horror films simply because it keeps their sanity. â€Å"It may be that horror movies provide psychic relief on this level because this invitation to lapse into simplicity, irrationality and even outright madness is extended so rarely† (King). When people see a slasher film, it gives them a chance to kill off â€Å"Annoying Bob† from the office in their heads. Horror films also tell the story about the culture watching them. â€Å"Horror films are an observer of culture what frogsRead MoreAnalysis Of Tim Burton s The Nightmare Before Christmas 1431 Words    |  6 Pageshallow, to just name a few. He was won 20 awards and has been nominated 56 times (IMDb). Everyone loves his dark, gothic, eerie, horror and fantasy films. Ever since he was in high school, he was recognized for his great talents, and throughout his life, his films have been recognized as works of art. It can be easily said he is one of the greatest film directors of all time. Timothy Walter â€Å"Tim† Burton was born August 25, 1958, in Burbank California. His artistic talent was first recognized in theRead MoreSoul Surfer Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesSoul Surfer is an inspirational film. It is filled with drama that turns the audiences’ world upside down. Grasping humanity, the movie pulls it in and transforms it into something beautiful. It is founded on a true story about Bethany Hamilton, who lost her arm during a vicious shark attack. Sean McNamara, the director, planned to film the movie shortly after the attack in 2003. Seven years from the plot of storyline, it premiered in theaters in April 2011 as a PG movie. Its purpose was to informRead MoreEssay on Jaws1080 Words   |  5 PagesIs Jaws a Horror Movie? First I will highlight the brief journey through the horror genre and the conventions that have developed. Second, I will then show how these conventions are used in the film Jaws. Let’s start with the silent era, an era based on monsters, Frakingstien 1910, Dracula 1912, The Phantom Of The Opera 1925. Without sound, there was a heavy emphasis on make – up, adding to the horror and preparing the first convention, which is the reveal of the monster. Facial expressionsRead MoreFemale Representations Between American Psycho And Misery1541 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentations. The lack of independence that women have in the horror genre is shocking because it idealises that women depend on men in order to survive. Female roles in movies such as Scream (1996) and Halloween (2007) are prime examples that demonstrate a female s lack of independence. In Rob Zombie s Halloween (2007), Michael Myers kidnaps Laurie and brings her to his hideout. Later on, she successfully manages to stab Myers—but only when the male character, Dr. Loomis arrives, is he is able to actuallyRead MoreEssay on Review of A Cinderella Story985 Words   |  4 Pagesshe replies. Sam chats with him all day long and both share how they go to the same high school and both dream of going to Princeton. Sam does not know that he knows her as â€Å"PrincetonGirl1818.† An online romance begins and later culminates at the Halloween dance when they actually meet. At midnight and she runs because she does not want for Fiona to get mad and her and does not notice that her cell phone f ell. In the end Austin searches for the identity of his â€Å"PrincetonGirl1818† and Sam and AustinRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Opening Scenes Of Tim Burtons Corpse Bride And The Nightmare Before Christmas1010 Words   |  5 Pagesart, horror movies, and painting. A tremendous youngster, he was interested in filmmaking since his pre-high schooler years. He regularly enjoyed shooting short movies utilizing the rough stop-movement activity strategies. His most seasoned surviving film is The Island of Specialist Agnor, which was made when he was 13. Finishing his education at Burbank Secondary School, he enrolled at the California Institute of Arts here that he influenced movies to like, Stalk of the Celery Beast and KingRead MoreEssay Horror Films: The Haunted Castle by George Melies1616 Words   |  7 Pages Since the release of George Melies’s The Haunted Castle in 1896, over 90,000 horror films have been made. However, none have been more frightening and influen tial than that of Stanley Kubrick’s The Shining and Steven Spielberg’s Jaws. Each a product of horror’s 1970’s and 80’s golden era, the films have a reputation of engulfing viewers in fear, without the use of masked killers, vampires, or other clichà ©s. Instead, Kubrick and Spielberg take a different approach and scare audiences on a psychological

The Causes Of Martin Luther And The Protestant Reformation

In a time where Europe was flourishing between the 14th and 17th centuries with their cultural development of the art and sciences, there was a huge schism in the Catholic Church that was originally created by Martin Luther. The Protestant Reformation was initiated in 1517 when the Ninety-five Theses was posted in Saxony, Germany by Luther. Martin Luther was an Augustinian monk who criticized the Church and the papacy and laid the theological reform for the church and the pope’s authority which broke the unity of Christianity. Germany, where he resided, saw many advantages breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church. No longer wanting to be taxed by the church, the princes of the country could gain economic power by establishing their own†¦show more content†¦. . plundering monasteries . . . murder†) that were subject to â€Å"death in body and soul†, and that these crimes were used in Christ’s name which was sacrilege. He put out this theological argument of Godly law which justified the people’s unity and the rebellion. They only had to please God, and not the Prince’s authority. The peasants no longer believed the authority of the old order and tried to create an equal standing of social factors. However, it’s interesting to note that the peasants actually fought for religious equality as well during this radical war. One of Luther’s tools that the peasants used was Sola fide, or ‘justification by faith alone’. In this case, and despite other interpretations, this gave justification for all of the peasant’s actions that they were done during this revolt. God will be able to pardon all the sins that occurred. This included robbing and murdering, that is made clear in the title of this piece. Luther wrote this piece, even though it was published after the war, to tell the peasants that were taking advantage of their religion and abusing its power. Luther quotes a scripture from the Bible in defense that justified the â€Å"enemies’ actions. However, Luther kept up his allegiance with the Princes and justified their actions. He believed that the rebels could be punished by lords on the basis that they have â€Å"become faithless†. He defends their involvement of violence against theShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the 16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther’s ‘95 theses’ which were a list of 95 criticisms towards the church. The Reformation formed another branch of Christianity called Protestantism which is comprised of many different Christian denominations including AnglicanRead MoreThe Reformation And The Protestant Reformation876 Words   |  4 Pages The 16th century reformation is also known as the Protestant reformation. There are a various number of causes for the Protestant reformation. The causes of the reformation will be analyzed from two different perspectives: Germany s causes and Europe s causes. The results of reformation will be examined. Major contributors such as Martin Luther and John Calvin s perspectives and contributions will also be analyzed and the impact they had during their time period.  People in Europe during theRead MoreWhat Were The Social Cause Of The Protestant Reformation?1289 Words   |  6 PagesWhat were the social causes of the Protestant Reformation? The bible was being made more accessible than ever. One of the things that led to more people interpreting the bible is that it was translated into everyday language. Another was the fact that the printing press was enabled that allowed multiple copies of the bible to be made. Previous to this, scribes would have to write every bible by hand and this could take years, just for one of them. Another factor was the fact that there was increasedRead MoreIn Class We Have Spent A Lot Of Time Learning And Discussing1100 Words   |  5 PagesIn class we have spent a lot of time learning and discussing Martin Luther’s life and the important role that he played in the protestant reformation. Martin Luther was someone who saw many issues throughout the Catholic Church. Martin Luther was a monk and scholar who w as in Wittenburg. In 1517 Luther penned the 95 theses to the door of a catholic church this document attacked the Catholic Church’s corrupt practice of selling â€Å"indulgences† to absolve sin. He felt that religion should be more personalRead MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious movement that took place in the Western church. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effect, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the Catholic churchRead MoreMartin Luther And The Roman Catholic Church837 Words   |  4 Pagesand dealing with behavior. Hearing what people were saying about the Roman Catholic Church r eformers such as Martin Luther, Henry VII, decided to take matters in their own hands and find a way to reform. Martin Luther was a German professor who then decided to become a priest in 1507. He was against indulgences in which people believed forgave all sins that were committed. As a result, Luther wrote â€Å"Ninety-five Theses on the Power of Indulgences† to argue against indulgences, it was argued, â€Å"indulgencesRead MoreThe Invention Of The Printing Press932 Words   |  4 Pagestwo effects were the exploration of the Americas and the Protestant Reformation. Exploration was Colombus and his explorers â€Å"discovering† America. The printing press had great influence on these events. The Protestant Reformation was also shaped by the printing press, in some cases more than exploration. The Protestant Reformation, or more simply, The Reformation, was a mass conversion of people from the Catholic Church to the Protestant Church. The citizens of Europe started to access more informationRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Reformation was a religious movement triggered by the rise of humanism during the Renaissance and the general corruption of the Roman Catholic Church that eventually led to theRead MoreMakayla Horton. Dr. Skaggs. World Civ. Ii. 1 February 2017.1182 Words   |  5 PagesTheses were written by Martin Luther in 1517. At the time of writing, Luther had devoted his life to Jesus Christ, and had become a monk. In his Theses, he expressed the idea that someone must be completely willing to commit penance in order for it to be legitimate, and Luther gave several reasons why he was critical of the sale of indulgences. He challenged the authority of the pope and other powerful positions of the church multiple times throughout his writings. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses

Planning and Designing Transportation Systems †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Planning and Designing Transportation Systems. Answer: Introduction Decision-making is regarded as a cognitive process in which there is a selection among various processes of actions depending on the possibilities. The processes that are chosen in a decision making process is final irrespective of whether it is going to be used. However, the process that is chosen in the decision making largely depends on the beliefs that the decision maker holds. The decision making process has been broadly divided into two broad categories such as group decision making and individual decision making. Further group and individual decision-making process is divided into categories such as consensus, voting-based, participative, decisional balance sheet, flipism and others. There are also various types of decision-making modes as well such as intuitive decision-making, rational decision-making, considerate decision-making, deliberative decision-making and others (Kelley, Cranor Sadeh, 2013). The report discusses about various decision-making concepts such as intuitiv e mode, considerate mode and deliberative mode.It also offers a detailed analysis about two types of decision-making models such as rational decision-making and administrative decision-making models. It further offers an argumentative reflection about the mode I follow in comparison to other modes. There are various types of decision-making concepts that are applied in daily life according to the beliefs and value of the decision maker. Some of the common mode of decision making that are used in daily life is considerate, intuitive and deliberative decision making. These three models are considered as the three dimensions of judgment that the decision maker considers in the workplace for the achievement of their targets. Personnel in the business are required to take a gainful decision for every task that they want to achieve (Van Solinge Henkens, 2014). The direction of their decision helps the company to achieve success or failure for the proposed project of the business. The decision making process is very crucial for the management because of the increasing complexity in the business. The process has become complex also because of the changing workplace of the business from the past few centuries. This requires offering greater flexibility in the business so that everyone i n the organization can adjust with the changing condition. For such type of business environment it is required that the business follow deliberative decision-making mode. This is because deliberative decision making allows the environment of the business be free from all types of demand and help to form the judgments with complete information such as logical, analytical and others. However, other dimensions such as Intuitive Mode and Considerate mode have replaced this dimension of decision-making (Beach, 2014). Both the dimensions have their own views and values in the decision-making activities. Intuitive mode and considerate mode takes into account the emotions and values of everyone while making any decision. The changing situation of the workplace in the modern days has increased a lot of pressure on the decision makers of the business. This is because there are various types of emotions, professionalism and other factors that need to be considered while making any conclusions. This has increased much pressure on the judgment makers to consider everything without hurting any stakeholder of the business. They need to take a wise decision regarding everything. The workplace nowadays has experienced a huge change, facing various ambiguity and higher cost of any decision that they take. Thus, it has been suggested by Hartman, DesJardins MacDonald(2014) that such changing environment affects the dimension of deliberation. This is because such situation does not allow the decision makers to make any decision deliberately as the change is recurring in the business. This is because in deliberative mode decisions are taken deliberately without reviewing the needs and circumstances of the business . However, such type of mode proves to be failure and everything goes wrong (Betsch, Haberstroh, 2014). Intuitive Mode Intuitive decision making on the other hand largely depends on the intuition that one holds regarding something without considering the situation of others in the company or the needs of the company. This type of decision-making is somewhat related to the deliberative decision making mode. This is because in both the modes the actual situation and opinions of others are not considered. Such type of mode is also known as rational decision making in which people lack analytical skills and facts to reach to a decision. This type of mode is considered to be invaluable while dealing with complex situation and meeting demand of the business with greater speed. However, there are few contexts in which intuitive decision-making have helped offering fast result and worked beyond the limitations and issues related to deliberative mode. This is based on the fact that in intuitive mode the decision makers utilizes its memory and emotion and thus is in the state of offering fast and automatic res ponses to the situation. This leads to fast conclusion about any issue (Epstein Gramling, 2013). However, it is seen that maximum flexibility is attained in the decision-makingonly if both the modes are used together to reach a successful decision. Thus, the operator can either work deliberately or intuitively or take help if both the modes. Thus, the options that are available are either the two extreme points or the midpoint of both the mode to operate a decision. Thus for better result it is said that the modes can work in a complementary and parallel way rather than working with a conflict with each other (Elwyn et al., 2014)). The last type of mode that is also used by the decision makers while making decision about crucial matters and dealing with eh rising complexities of business is called considerate mode. This mode is an opposite of intuitive and deliberative mode that was previously discussed. In considerate mode, the decision maker takes into account the emotion and morals of others while taking any decision. This type of mode address the issues that have been ignored by other modes discussed earlier. In such type of decision mode, the makers consider the effect of their decision on other person related to it on some way or the other. They just do not take the decision for their own benefits without analyzing other that take part with them in the process. It is like a judgment and probability that the decision makers consider between the positive and negative pact of the decision and the persons getting affected by it. Moreover, it has also been said that the cognitive considerate mode also helps th e company to overcome the conflicts rising between the other two modes such as deliberative mode and intuitive mode. it allow the people of the managers of the business to reduce the narrowness that takes place in their vision by taking into consideration the view point of others. In such type of mode a business works like a family in which everybody can participate in the process that the company is carrying out. Thus there are various benefits associated with considerate mode with the best chance to accommodate various aspects of the business (Baumann et al., 2014). It is thus seen that all the three modes have their own meaning and importance in the decision making process. However, all the three modes can work in a cooperative manner in case of complex situations in the business to get the best possible result. For the purpose, the company can make use of the entire positive effects of all the three modes (Breen, van de Werfhorst Jger, 2014). Rational Decision-making model Rational decision-making process is the first method that was used by the company for reaching any decision. It is known as the classical approach and involves formal process for analyzing the data. However, for rational decision making it is necessary that the managers have complete information about the problem and the performance of the business. Rational decisions are taken on the ground that it will help in maximize the benefit of the firm and reduces the cost of the company. Rational decision-making is said to be logical, multi-step and involves alternatives that the makers can choose from among them. There are various steps involved under rational decision making such as formulating, indentifying the factors for the decision, recognizing alternatives, carrying out analysis and finally the decision-making. Rational decision-making process offers anall-round effect to the company as a lot of things are taken into consideration (Pettigrew, 2014). There are various assumptions as well that are taken into consideration while carrying out rational decision-making process such as: There is perfect information about the company and about the issue that it is facing It is necessary to set the measuring criteria for colleting the information and for analysis The decision maker has the ability to manage time, resources and cognitive sense. Rational decision-making process is fairly similar to the deliberative mode of decision-making in which the decision make takes decision deliberately to maximize the profit of the company (Lieder, Hsu Griffiths, 2014). Administrative Decision-making model Administrative decision-making process is yet another model of decision-making that is used by some company or the other to attain the desired decision. In such type of decision making process the managers are bound with some limitation within which they are required to take some decision or the other. The managers need to consider those limitation and think of alternative before moving forward with the process. Unlike the rational decision-making, the administrative decision-making has some surroundings and considers the situation of others before reaching a conclusion. In such as decision making only some important part of the administration takes part as making decision for the company is the sole responsibility of the administration (Shapiro Stefkovich, 2016). The administrative decision-making takes into consideration the key and strategic decision that the individual needs to consider. Under such a model every stakeholders of the business get a chance to be satisfied with the d ecision. The effectiveness of such as process is marked as beyond the skills of the decision maker. In the administrative decision making process the company can divide the responsibility of solving the problems among individual depending on their skills and the area that they can serve. This shows that there are various decision making process in the organization and it is necessary that the organization choose one type of model to solve the issue and take beneficial decision(Zemenkova et al., 2016). From the above analysis, it can be seen that there are various types of decision-making process in the organization, which is utilized according to the issue they are facing, and the structure of their organization. I work in a retail company as a manager in which I need to take a lot of decision on behalf of the company. There are various issues that my company faces being a manufacturing business such as the satisfaction of the customer, the organizational structure for better manufacturing and others. However, it is necessary that the business follow certain type of decision-making model for solving the issues and take effective decision. The decision that I follow in my organization for my branch is deliberative and rational decision-making mode. I try to take all the decision deliberately with my analytical skills. However, I just try to analyses the issue and not the overall performance and ongoing structure of the business. Most of the decision that I take does not allow other s to participate in it and the final decision is given by me. According to me the deliberative and rational decision, making method that I follow is effective for the business and allow it to gain maximum benefits (Cascetta et al., 2015). However, I have also notice that the managers in other branches of my company follow a different type of decision-making process. One of my managers follows considerate decision-making mode in which they consider all the factors before taking any decision. In such type of mode they carry out an analytical process in which the survey eh condition of the company compete and then try to take the decision. None of the decisions is taken with the sole benefit of the company. It takes the issues of the employees as well as the customers and worked accordingly. The decision-making mode followed by me differs a lot from my fellow managers of other branches of my company (Li, Ashkanasy Ahlstrom, 2014). From the analysis of the decision process followed by o ther managers, I realized that my way of taking decision differs a lot from others and somehow I lack in offering maximum benefit to the company. This is because deliberative decision making mode also have various negative impact on the other members of the society. Other groups as well in my company such as higher directors and authority follow intuitive decision-making in which they take the decision by just following their inner morals. They follow this mode with the view that they know the business better than any other member does and thus they do not require to concern anyone else because of this. They also suffer from various issues lately because of ignorance and absence of true knowledge. According to me my decision, making process is better than the others, while there are others that believes that their process is better for the company. It is a mixture of processes that the company follows depending on the person taking the decision and the values they hold for the issue that is being taken care of. Improvement in my Decision Making From the above analysis, it is seen that I realized the drawback of my process for taking decision and the benefits of other processes. However, just like me there are other managers as well that follow processes that are not successful. According to my analysis I felt that the considerate process that the managers follow in certain branches is the best process to be considered. This is because it allows the managers to consult with other member of the business and reach an effective solution. Thus according to me either changing my decision making process to considerate mode or using a mixture of considerate and deliberative mode will be useful for me as well as for the company. This is because it will help me to gain an analytical impact of the situation and take a tactful and useful decision about a case. Moreover, it will also help the organization to follow better values and morals within the organizational environment. However, I feel it is not appropriate for me to use intuiti ve mode because it is somewhat same as the deliberative mode of decision-making. The negative effect of both the modes is same and thus it is not beneficial for me to change to intuitive mode. I will continue to follow the rational decision making model because it allows the business to grow at a faster rate and offer maximum benefit to the company at low cost. Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that there are various types of decision-making process that is followed in a workplace and having its own benefits and cost. The decision making process that is focused here is the three mode of decision making such as intuitive, considerate and deliberative. Further two types of models are discussed such as the rational decision-making model and the administrative decision making model. Each of these models and modes has their own benefits and cost of following them while taking decision in the business. Some causes higher cost while other causes more benefits. It is seen that the deliberative process and intuitive process has more negative effects attached to it than the considerate process. Similarly rational decision making model is better than the administrative decision making models. The better modes and model help in taking all the factors into consideration that affects the business and offers an analytical scenario. Others allow t he decision makers to take decision just following their own intuitions, which lacks morals and values. A reflective analysis of the decision model is offer din which I as a manager of the manufacturing business follow deliberative mode of decision making in which I do not follow any analytical process. On the other hand my fellow mates follow better decision making processes such as considerate and rational. Thus, I would improve my decision making process by changing my method to a better one such as considerate process in which I can consider others problems and issues. This will add value to the process and maintain a type of morality in the business. Thus, it is necessary that a proper decision making process is analyzed and followed by a company in order to gain maximum from it. References Baumann, D. J., Fluke, J. D., Dalgleish, L., Kern, H. (2014). The decision making ecology.From evidence to outcomes in child welfare: An international reader, 24-40. Beach, L. 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